Treatment of acne with a combination of propolis, tea tree oil, and Aloe vera compared to erythromycin cream: two double-blind investigations

آنتی بیوتیک هایی که پروپیونی باکتریوم آکنه را سرکوب می‌کنند، درمان استاندارد آکنه هستند اما بعد از مدتی استفاده به علت مقاومت به آنتی بیوتیک اثر خود را از دست می‌دهند، بسیاری از گیاهان از جمله درخت چای حاوی ترکیبات آنتی باکتریال هستند که می‌توانند به عنوان درمان جایگزین استفاده شوند.

 

 

Introduction: Antibiotics that suppress Propionibacterium acnes are the standard treatment for acne but are becoming less effective, due to the appearance of antibiotic-resistant strains. Many plants are known to have innate antimicrobial action and can be used as alternatives to antibiotics; thus, it is necessary to prove their effectiveness in vivo. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-acne efficacy of a new cream based on three natural extracts, comparing it to erythromycin cream and placebo.

Patients and methods: Sixty patients with mild to moderate acne vulgaris were randomly divided into three groups: treated with cream containing 20% propolis, 3% “tea tree oil”, and 10% “Aloe vera” (PTAC) (n=20); or with 3 % erythromycin cream (ERC) (n=20); or with placebo (n=20). At baseline, after 15 and 30 days, investigators evaluated response to treatment by counting acne lesions through noninvasive measurements and macro-photography.

Results: All the clinical and instrumental values studied were statistically different from placebo except for sebometry, pHmetry, and erythema index values, measured on healthy skin. Unlike in the placebo group, papular and scar lesions showed high erythema reduction after 15 and 30 days of PTAC and ERC application.

Conclusion: The PTAC formulation was better than ERC in reducing erythema scars, acne severity index, and total lesion count.

Keywords: phytotherapy, Aloe barbadensis, Melaleuca alternifolia oil, propolis, noninvasive analysis, antibiotic resistance

Introduction Acne is a follicular skin disease that mainly affects the pilosebaceous unit of face, neck, and trunk and is characterized by inflammatory (papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts) and non-inflammatory lesions (seborrhea and comedones) and scarring.1 Although in many patients, acne can be limited to a couple of papules or comedones, serious illness can lead to disfiguring scars on the face. Despite not being a life-threatening disease, acne can have severe psychosocial consequences causing low self-esteem, social isolation, and depression.2 Many factors are known to contribute to the pathogenesis of acne: increased production of sebum, anomalous keratinization of the pilosebaceous canal, bacterial colonization (Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis are the most important pathogens), and the production of inflammatory factors.3,4 Each type of acne therapy is based on the specific clinical phase of the disease. Thus, even if a systemic therapy is set up, it is often useful to prescribe a topical treatment that might be more effective and have fewer side effects, improving specific aspects of symptomatology and eventually reducing unwanted skin reactions.

Most patients present with mild to moderate comedonal or papulopustular acne; in such patients, topical therapy is the first line of treatment.5 The most frequently used topical agents include keratolytics, alpha-hydroxy acids, benzoyl peroxide, retinoids, azelaic acid, and antibiotics. Antibiotics that suppress P. acnes are the standard treatment for acne, but are becoming less effective, due to the appearance of antibiotic-resistant strains also described for the S. epidermidis and other coagulase-negative staphylococci.6,7 For this reason, we are looking for new natural products that can replace, with equal or greater efficacy, the synthetic antibiotics increasingly affected by the phenomena of therapeutic resistance. In previous studies, various natural extracts were used, usually one by one, showing good anti-acne efficacy. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a new cream based on three natural extracts (propolis, “tea tree oil”, and “Aloe vera”) in treating mild to moderate acne, comparing it to a cream based on 3% erythromycin and to its vehicle alone (placebo).

 

Patients and methods

Study design

This single-center, randomized, double-blinded, comparative study enrolled 60 patients of both genders. The study was conducted at the Skinlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Italy, in the winter season. All patients presented with the following characteristics: age between 14 and 34 years; mild to moderate facial acne vulgaris defined as the maximum number of comedones as well as papules and pustules less than 20 and 50, respectively; the absence of any nodules, cysts, and slight erythematous scarring presence; response to topical treatment with erythromycin in antecedent anti-acne treatments; good health; and no ongoing topical or systemic treatments occurring during the 3 months prior to experiments.8 Subjects who were pregnant, lactating, in menopause, with polycystic ovarian syndrome, taking oral contraceptives, with allergic contact dermatitis, and with sensitive skin were excluded from the study.

After meeting inclusion/exclusion criteria, written informed consent was obtained from each participant by the research coordinator. The patients were randomly divided into three groups of 20 patients each. Group A was treated with a cream containing 20% propolis extract, 3% tea tree oil, and 10% A. vera leaf juice (PTAC) as active ingredients. Group B was treated with a 3% erythromycin (ERC) cream. Group C (control) used the vehicle without any active ingredients (placebo). The three creams (produced by Humana Pharma International spa, Pavia, Italy) have the same characteristics of color, consistency, and package but presented different labels. The active ingredients present in PTAC cream are products by Kelisema srl (Tavernerio, Como, Italy). The propolis contains several flavonoid compounds resulting from the enzymatic hydrolysis of the original plant glycosides; derivatives of cinnamic, benzoic, and caffeic acids; vitamins; minerals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Ca, Fe, etc); resins and waxes. The tea tree oil is composed of terpene hydrocarbons, mainly monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and their associated alcohols. A. barbadensis leaf juice is mainly composed of polysaccharides containing glucose and mannose; minor components having important biological activity are phytosterols, vitamins, enzymes, phosphorylated monosaccharides, aminoacids, and minerals. Volunteers recruited for the study were asked to use the product twice a day, in the morning and in the evening as any common anti-acne treatment for a total of 30 days. During the test, volunteers did not use other products for acne treatment to avoid a possible overlapping of effects.

 

Instrumental and clinical evaluation

At the time of inclusion (t0), after 15 days (t15), and after 30 days (t30), investigators evaluated the cutaneous status of volunteers, performing during each visit a clinical observation, instrumental measurements, and macro-photography. Instrumental measurements aimed at evaluating physical cutaneous indexes such as the quantity of sebum using the Sebumeter SM 825 (Courage+ Khazaka Electronic GmbH, Cologne, Germany), skin surface pH using the Skin-pH-Meter PH 900 (Courage+ Khazaka Electronic GmbH), and cutaneous erythema index using Mexameter MX16 (Courage+ Khazaka Electronic GmbH). The sebometric and pH-metric values were taken on skin areas without acne lesions. The amount of erythema was evaluated on healthy skin, on papular lesions, and on cicatricial erythematous lesions. The experimenters performed instrumental tests on the cheek area, chosen randomly for each volunteer, adopting three measurements for each probe – in contiguous healthy areas or on different inflamed lesions – subsequently calculating the mean value. The analyzed areas have always been the same for each volunteer during the different examinations.

At the beginning and at the end of the treatment, experimenters took macro-photography (Canon G10) of the face of the volunteers, focusing the left and right side of the face and the forehead. Clinical examination evaluated the number of comedones (CN), papules (PPN), and pustules (PSN) located on the face. In order to analyze subjective evaluations made by the investigator dermatologist for each parameter, the total of scores for each considered lesion was calculated. Both the total lesion count (TLC) and the acne severity index (ASI) were used to determine the effectiveness of the acne severity treatment. TLC was calculated as: TLC = PPN + PSN+ CN. The ASI was calculated as: ASI = PPN + (PSN × 2) + (CN / 4). During the first examination, the number of lesions and ASI and TLC were considered to be 100%, and any decrease of lesions was calculated accordingly and regarded as improvement percentage. The mean value of these improvement percentages was calculated for each group of patients and was used for statistical analysis.

 

Statistical analysis

All results were compared to each baseline measurement by paired t-tests or with a non-parametric test (Wilcoxon signed-rank test), and when difference in mean values did not have normality characteristics, they were verified by using Shapiro–Wilk test. All statistical tests were two-tailed tests and P-values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant. All data analyses were performed using an SPSS statistical package. All data were submitted as mean ± SD, and beyond measured value, differences vs baseline were reported.

Ethical approval

Approval from the Ethics Committee/Institutional Review Board of the Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy, was obtained and the study was conducted in complete agreement with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki

 

Results

The demographic characteristics of the patients are reported in Table 1. There were no significant differences related to these characteristics among the three groups (P=0.0105), confirming the success of randomization. All patients completed the study. Instrumental and clinical evaluation The instrumental and clinical results obtained in the study are shown in Figure 1, Tables 2 and 3. All the clinical and instrumental values studied were statistically different from the placebo group, but the sebometry, pHmetry, and erythema index values, measured on healthy skin, did not undergo statistically significant changes during the treatment in the three study groups. Unlike to what happened in patients who used the placebo, papular and scar lesions showed high reduction in their erythema after 15 and 30 days of PTAC and ERC application (Table 2, Figure 1C, D). The PTAC formulation was better than ERC in reducing erythema scars, thus speeding up healing time, as early as the first 15 days of treatment.

The PTAC was more effective in reducing erythema scars even at t30 than ERC, and this intergroup difference was statistically significant (P=0.003) (Figure 1C). No difference between the two active products in reducing papular erythema was reported (t15: P=0.361; t30: P=0.210) (Figure 1D). The comparison between the clinical scores obtained at the time of inclusion, after 15 and after 30 days of treatment allowed to define the two creams with active ingredients as effective when compared to placebo in decreasing the acne lesions in subjects participating in the study (Table 3, Figure 1A, B). PTAC was more effective than ERC in reducing ASI and TLC.

The ASI in the PTAC group has been significantly reduced by 31.6% and 66.7% while in the ERC group it decreased by 27.1% and by 49.7%, respectively, after 15 and 30 days of treatment. This difference in PTAC efficacy vs ERC was significant (P=0.0368) after 30 days. Mean TLC value in the PTAC group significantly decreased by 33.56% and by 63.7%, while in the ERC group significantly decreased by 23.6% and 46.5%, respectively, after 15 and 30 days. The efficacy of TLC treatment was higher for the PTAC group compared to the ERC group after 30 days (P=0.001) of treatment (Figure 1A). In PTAC and ERC patient groups, the number of inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions was significantly reduced in comparison to baseline values at 15 and 30 days (Table 3). Only the percentage of PPN in PTAC group, at t30, was higher than patients who received ERC (P=0.0382) (Figure 1B).

 

Discussion

The ideal treatment for acne should be topical, effective, and well tolerated by patients. The products on the market use predominantly antibiotics or irritant products to be used in the evening to avoid sun exposure. Antibiotics are becoming less effective due to the emergence of resistant strains. Antibiotic resistance in P. acnes and S. epidermidis has been rising steadily since the 1980s. In one analysis covering 10 years in the UK, resistant bacteria carriage was noticed in more than 50% of patients who had acne and who were treated with antibiotics, with most patients carrying multiple different resistant strains on different parts of their body. Similar trends have been reported in several other industrialized nations.9,10 Other products for acne treatment have poor compliance by the patient due to irritating effects that are not always appreciated. These and other concerns, including costs, highlight the need for safer, effective, and cheapest approaches, including those offered by herbal medicine.

ones.21 These antibacterial effects could be due to the synergistic activity of the numerous compounds present in propolis, such as flavonoids, caffeic acid, benzoic acid, and cinnamic acid. These compounds probably act on the microbial membrane or cell wall site, causing functional and structural damages.22 Synergism between the propolis and some antibacterial agents has been observed.23 Antibacterial activity of propolis is bacteriostatic and can be bactericidal at higher concentrations.24 Intriguingly, propolis also displays anti-inflammatory properties in both acute and chronic inflammatory processes, and this is principally due to its large content of polyphenol compounds.25 Its anti-acne efficacy has not been proven yet. In our preparation, we used propolis 10% to reduce the adverse risks described by other authors.26 The tea tree oil contains several monoterpenes (80%– 90%) and the most abundant of these is terpinen-4-ol, which makes up to at least 30% and has an important role in the antimicrobial activity of this essential oil.27 Six comparative studies11,14,16,19,20,28 tested tea tree oil in the treatment of mild to moderate acne; of them, three were double-blinded.11,16,20 These six studies evaluated products containing 0.1%–5% tea tree oil and found that the number of lesions was reduced,

 

with reductions ranging from 23.7% to 62.1% after products were applied for 4–8 weeks. In these studies, tea tree oil was used alone or in association with other plant extracts such as Ramulus mori and lavender oils. The average minimal inhibitory concentration of tea tree oil against P. acnes and S. epidermidis was in the range between 0.31% and 0.63% v/v.29

The minimum bactericidal concentration, required to eliminate P. acnes, was 0.5% v/v.30 In our study, we used tea tree oil at 3% concentration, the range considered as anti-acne by other authors and which is well above the concentration needed for its in vitro activity. A. vera has many therapeutic properties including antiinflammatory and bacteriostatic activities. In the literature, there were two studies where A.

vera was used in the treatment of acne. The first is a double-blind study, where the administration of a cream and a drink made from A. vera and seven other plant extracts improved acneic lesions compared to placebo group, in which no improvement was noticed.12 In another study, a 50% gel was used in combination with tretinoin, which was significantly more effective in reducing non-inflammatory, inflammatory, and total lesion scores than in control group.31 In our study, PTAC was compared to 3% erythromycin cream as a positive control.

The erythromycin was chosen, especially, for its easy availability and tolerability. In recent years, erythromycin, due to its greater resistance to acne treatment, has been replaced by clindamycin.32 To be sure that patients did not have resistance problems, we recruited a sample of volunteers who had used the molecule with positive results at least 6–12 months before our test. All data obtained from both instrumental and the clinical tests, during the use of PTAC, demonstrated the validity of the topical pharmacological formulation under consideration and confirmed the findings in the precedent studies, which showed that natural topical extracts were effective in the clearance of papules and pustules, especially in mild and moderate acne. In particular, the instrumental study has shown that PTAC does not possess sebum-reducing properties, respected the hydrolipidic film, and did not irritate the healthy skin as it has not changed the superficial sebometry, the pH and the erythema indexapplication or the concentration used was not sufficient to obtain results.

PTAC improved the erythema index of papules and erythematous scars more prominently than ERC, as demonstrated by early action on scar inflammation which, unlike the ERC, improved since the first 15 days. The anti-inflammatory efficacy of the product can be linked to the presence of A. vera and propolis.

The greatest anti-inflammatory effect had occurred in erythematous scars, probably due to the action of propolis, which is capable of increasing the wound healing rate.34 The lower efficacy toward papular erythema may be related to the fact that A. vera shows no activity against IL-8 and TNF-α production in P.

acnes stimulated cultures.35 The clinical study showed a greater effectiveness of PTAC in reducing the number of lesions compared to ERC. In fact, PTAC was able to reduce ASI by 68% and the TLC by 64% after 30 days of daily use compared to 50% and 47%, respectively, by ERC.

These results are higher when compared to those obtained by other researchers using the single products we tested, even at higher concentrations or in topical association with other plant extracts. The antibacterial and anti-acne activities exhibited by the combination of A. vera, tea tree oil, and propolis are of great importance.

This research may have a major impact on public health, by providing useful tips to optimize the therapeutic use of some natural drugs. Increase in drug resistance and the limited involvement of the big pharmaceutical industries in the development of new drugs are pushing to new treatments based on ease of prescription and low cost, as well as the idea of an optimal relationship with the environment. Although the three extracts are effective for the topical treatment of bacterial infections, the true limit for future use as antibiotic therapy is given by oral bioavailability. In fact, it is currently unknown whether these products can be absorbed and can manifest systemic antibiotic activity following an oral administration.